Assignment 4,Reading and Reviewing

In this assignment i was to choose one book and one journal article from my bibliography from Assignment 3. And to consider whether their ideas are opinion, or evidence-based. And look into  how good their evidence actually is. And if they explain how they got it and how they analysed it. In Assignment 3 i looked at Crime Prevention and thought about how design could aid in the decrease in crime rates.

The first Journal chosen is " Between the lines: an evaluation of the Secured Car Park Award Scheme written byDavid G Smith Mick Gregson and James Morgan.The main purpose of this article is to encourage those responsible for car parks in order to improve security as a way of reducing criminal activity, reducing the fear of crime in itself  and the perception of crime in all car parks and vehicle retention areas. The author questions the importance of  Car Park award scheme (SCP) car parks and if they have lower levels of crime than other car parks and if the Secured Car Park award scheme lead to reductions in car crime.
The journal is very event based  based on findings of an evaluation of the scheme by Morgan Harris Burrows and the Holden McAllister Partnership.This is when i believe truth in this journal as the amount of evident-base and research put into is substantial as they take on board numerous primary and secondary sources such as, holding interviews with people of importance - scheme representatives and stakeholders, 600 of which in Nottingham and 375 in Manchester, also collection of data on crime and disorder gained by requesting the information which where available for the car parks in these study areas the raised problem was the time the police then took to look out and let gain access to information, leading to possibility of date information being processed,  additional interviews with local car park operators and police, other locals, organising and holding workshops and surveys  with Architectural Liaison Officers.

"One of the major obstacles to the research was obtaining accurate crime information."

Showing extent to find the f truth in their article/non-opinion/guessed

The most important pieces of information are the 6 case studies taken in the car parks of  Manchester, Nottingham, Cheltenham, Northampton, Canterbury and Daventry. These case studies provide a number of verifies factors including the environment and its surroundings, different towns, private/authority owned car parks. Surveys are taken in these different factors and engage with the public in getting their true opinions on touching subjects of crime in the car parks.

 One of these surveys carried out was " What makes a car park safe from crime ". A table as provided showing the takings of the Percentage of responses. A huge 59% out of 70%  thought that 'Regular patrols/high visibility of staff around car park' would prevent crime in the car park, 56% thought that 'CCTV (video)' camera coverage would aid in prevention of crime followed by 46% who thought that 'Good lighting' would aid to prevent crime. Only a tiny 5% of people surveyed that a 'well maintained, clean and tidy' car park would make it safer joined with 5% of people who surprisingly thought that having 'No young people hanging around car parks' would make care parks more safe and prevent crime.

Another important piece of  important information was the table shown based on the figures from the survey  Number of reported crime in Northampton city car parks 2001', this table showed in in creasing order a total of percentages per 1,000 spaces in car parks. Taking factors such as the size, and opening hours. It clearly shows the reported number of thefts in Nottingham car parks, investigating weather or not  SCPs where in fact lowering crime rates in car parks.
The table backed up the SCP schemes as successful, it shows the lowest crime

levels in Nottingham city centre where under the SCP scheme, two of which had the award turned out to have absolutely no reported crime in the car park since its opening in (1997). Overall showing crime rates in car parks were generally more higher than those undergoing SCP award.

This leads the author to then conclude  that  SCPs in the study areas had the lowest levels of car park

crime. The award schemes where generally improving standers of car parks and their security.

"CCTV cameras in Northampton have had the capability for ANPR (see, for example,

Parking Today, 2000) since April 2001. The local police believe that this has had a big

impact on general crime levels in the town"

The impact on (Scp)s procedures verifying its impact in car parks.

The implication is to support SCps in the future and keep expanding them across other big cities, and having greater empathise placed on more higher ratted crime parks. To further improve security, if leaving to do could therefore raise the rate of crime/thefts, and the increase in fear of the people using the car parks. The authors main view was focused on SCp , i think he has partly done this to inform others who may have not known about the award. As I for one had never known or thought of issues in Carparks being before. His view is looking forward on the way crime could b prevented or massively lowered.

The second chosen is 'Identification of Environmental Design Methods and Techniques for Preventing Vandalism Between the lines: an evaluation of the Secured Car Park Award Scheme'  written by

Mohsen Faizi, Seyed-Bagher Hosseini and Sina Razzaghi.

The main purpose of this article is to introduce and distinguish the idea of Vandalism in the environment and investigate methods used in environmental and urban design, and to focus on the theory of environmental design which aims to discover the important aspects which would lead to forming and maintaining a safe stable space against vandalism. This paper states that the most important aspects for preventing vandalism in urban spaces are having high level of security, comfort and control. The author asks the questions can Crime such as vandalism be prevented through Enviromental design, and if designing defensible spaces improves levels on Crimes like Vandalism.

“Environmental Design is an organized and creative
way which its purpose is being effective and
responsive towards the dynamic changes in cities and
other urban areas. Architectures and urban designers,
through formulating different patterns and policies, try
to meet the social, economic, cultural, and
environmental needs of societies” Government of
South Australia, 2002.

 

The most important information in this article is the piece about the 'theory of preventing crime by using environmental design (CPTED)'. This was introduced firstly by Jeffrey in 1971 which was based on effective designs in the environment can promote security and decrease the
frequency of crime. He looks at four main principles in the aid to improving frequency of crime such as 'natural surveillance in space', 'controlling access to
space', 'limiting the space', and 'protection' and' management of space'. the author has used the sources from the research and facts provided by Jeffrey in 1971 and also by Newmans book on 'defensible spaces and preventing crime by urban deign'.

The article concludes that qualities such as security, comfort, richness, and surveillance are key environmental features. And that promoting these high qualities leads to spaces which are more unlikely being vandalised this is also the overall assumption of the authors . Looking into designs philosophy using evidence to reduce vandalism by limiting opportunity's for crimes.  The implication is to support (CPTED) taking more consideration into the environment being a means to reduce crime rates as shown in his evidence doing so will lead to increase in quality and reduction of vandalism, if failing to continue or stop following methods of (CPTED) then increase the risk of environment spaces becoming more inviting to vandalism and crimes. It should be carried out to limit spaces prone to vandalism such as eliminating dark places at night, places which are empty of people,Open and deserted spaces, and spaces which attract a special class of people and provide light, creating the sense of ownership of the space by proper protection and management, creating mixed uses in the space and avoid the creation of closed-off places and dead ends.

The main view and aim of he article is to further conduct research and investigate all factors and criteria for the evaluating  the environment in decrease in vandalism in public spaces and prevention of crime. I feel this is good aim as unlike the first article there isn't a lot of  secondary research where surveys and interviews etc have been taking place article is more factual based on the information gained and researched of other peoples findings of facts and figures dealing with crime prevention in the environment. The article is to 'further' the conduction of research in this field.

 

Assingment 4, Biblograpy

References

Abaszadegan, M. (2003). Socio-psychological

dimensions of urban open spaces. Journal of

International Engineering Science, 1(16): 69-84.

Alexander, K. (1987). New Theory of Urban Design.

New York & Oxford: Oxford University

Press

Commission for Architecture and the Built

Environment. (2000). By Design: Urban Design

In the Planning System: Towards Better Practise.

London: Department of Environment, Transport

and the Regions.

Cowan, R. (2005). The Dictionary of Urbanism.

London: Streetwise Press.

Dagenhart, R. (2005). Encyclopedia of the City.

London: Routledge.

Davis, L. (2000). Urban Design Compendium.

London: English Partnership and the Housing

Corporation.

Dehkhoda, A. (1998). Dehkhoda Dictionary. Tehran:

University of Tehran Publication.

Eckbo, G. (1998). Landscape for living. Harvard

Designs Magazine, 6:13-20.

Francis, M. (1989). Control as a Dimension of Public

Space Quality. New York: Plenum.

Goldstein, A. (1996). Psychology of Vandalism.

London: Springer.

Golkar, K. (1999). Urban design theories: an

integrated conceptual framework for typological

analysis of theories. Soffeh. 29:16-33.

Government of South Australia. (2002). Crime

Prevention through Environmental Design and Design

: Adelaide.

Jacobs, J. (1969). The Death and Life of Great

American Cities. London: Jonathan Cape.

Lang, J. (1961). Urban Design - The American

Experience. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Levu-Leboyer, C. (ed) (1984). Vandalism, Behavior

And Motivations. Amsterdam: North Holland.

Lynch, K. (2002). Theory of Good City Form. New

York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Moradi, N. (2002). Security indicators in urban spaces.

Shahrdariha. 41: 111.

Mortazaee, S.R. (2002). Solution in Urban Furniture

Design.Tehran: Organization of Municipalities Press.

Newman, O. (1972). Defensible Space: Crime

PreventionthroughUrban Design. New York:

McMillan.

Newman, O. (1996). Creating Defensible Space.

Washington: U.S. Department of Housing and

Urban Development.

Schneider, R.H. and Kitchen, T. (2002) Planning

 for Crime Prevention: A TransAtlantic

Perspective. London: Routledge.

Slobodian, P.J. and Browne, K.D. (2001) A Review

of Car Crime in England and Wales.

British Journal of Social Work, vol. 31, p 465-480.

Smith, M.S. (1996) Crime Prevention through

 Environmental Design in Parking Facilities.

Research in Brief. Washington DC: National I

nstitute of Justice.

Smith, M.S. (1996) Crime Prevention through

 Environmental Design in Parking Facilities.

Research in Brief. Washington DC: Nationa

l Institute of Justice.

Smyth, B. (1993) Brightening Up Car parks.

Crime Prevention News. London: Home Office

Sykes, J. (1979). Designing Against Vandalism.

London: Design Council.

Tilley, N. (1993) Understanding Car Parks,

 Crime and CCTV: Evaluation Lessons from Safer

Cities. Police Research Group, Crime

Prenvetion Unit Paper 42. London: Home Office.

Turvey, B.E. (2005). Criminal Profiling. London:Elsevier.

URBED (1994) Vital and Viable Town Centres:

 Meeting the Challenge. London: HMSO.

WCJ (1999a) Secure Car Park Scheme

Teleresearch (unpublished report June 1999).

WCJ (1999b) Secure Car Park Scheme

 Teleresearch: Addendum to June 1999 Research

(unpublished report October 1999).

Webb, B., Brown, B., and Bennett, K.

 (1992) Preventing Crime in Car Parks.

 

Crime Prevention Unit Series,London: Home OfficeP,34.

Webster, D. and Pengelley, R.

(1997) ParkSafe 97 The Secured Car Parks Scheme. Thame:

The Thames Valley Partnership.

Weinmyer, V. M. (1969). Vandalism by design: a

critique. Landscape Architecture, 13:21-29.

.Welsh, B.C. and Farrington, D.P. (2002) Crime Prevention Effects of Closed Circuit Television:

A Systematic Review. London: Home Office Pay and Dismay. p,330-333.

Wilson, J.Q. and Kelling, G.L. (1982) Broken Windows. The Atlantic Monthly, p 29-38.

Wraige, H. (2001) Parking’s Lot, Professional Engineering, vol 14, p 43.

Yarahmadi, M. (1999). Towards Humanitarian

Urbanism. Tehran: Urban Planning and

Processing Company.

Assingment 3

In this task i learned how to use the library's cross search database to find supported documents that involve the touched upon subject Crime, from the previous assignment. This is a really use full tool and enables you to search widely through many documents quickly on the general area you are specifically looking for.Below is my Harvard Style Bibliography on my findings.

Crime Prevention by planning and design. Leicester City Constabulary/Leicester City Council p43.

Dannenberg, Andrew L.(2003)Zoning out crime and improving community health in Sarasota, Florida:"crime prevention through environmental design"American Journal of Public Health; 93,(9), pp.1442-1445.Here Dannenberg uses Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design principles to guide revitalization efforts in its crime-ridden North Trail area. Where suggestions of community design being a useful tool for decreasing crime and improving community health.

 Jane Sykes. (1979). Designing Against Vandalism. London Design Council, p128.Theory of the paper is that elements such as 'security', 'comfort', 'richness',and 'control' are considered most important for evaluating vandalism. Looks at preventing environmental destruction in public spaces, and preventing crime to environmental design by improving the appearance of the environment, and using enhanced sense of public ownership and cooperation. Making the people in the community gain a little more respect for their surroundings as they feel a great sense of belonging, duty and ownership of the environment.

JefferyC.Ray. (1971) Crime prevention through environmental design. Sage Publications,p290.

Nick Skeens.(2002).Design Against Crime. London Design council, CD.

Mohsen F & Seyed H & Sina R. Identification of Environmental Design Methods and Techniques for Preventing Vandalism Between the lines: an evaluation of the Secured Car Park Award Scheme .

Parnaby, Patrick F.(2006). Crime Prevention through Environmental Design.Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice/Revue canadienne de criminologie et de justice penale, vol.48,no. 1,pp,1-29.This article looks upon crime-related risks are framed by participators and supporters of Crime prevention through Environmental design. It argues several points that crime-related risks are framed in three different ways, 1 - form of foreseeable danger, 2- as depoliticized potentialities, and 3- by potentialities that require complete responsibility. Shows how risk has become important.(Foucault 1991) with respect to crime control are actualized.

Paul Stollard. ( 1991). Crime prevention through housing design. London: New York, p.90.

Reinhold.V.Nostrand. (1995) Safe Cities :Guidelines for planning design and management,p208.

Sorensen, David W M (2007) Scandinavian Prospects for a Place-Based Randomized Experiment on
Burglary Reduction.Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and

Tang, XZ. (2010 ).The Application of Environmental Psychology to the Environment Art Design under the Greenhouse Effect .NEW YORK, NY.This article looks at achieving harmonious development between the men and the environment, looking at environmental psychology in able to approach appropriately to guide people in the right direction on treating the environment with respect.
Book (2010) Environmental Psychology. Memphis, Ten: Books LLC. p131.

Useful websites

In my discipline:

Blog www.Vaniliaink.wordpress.com has links to other designers particularly in my University, good to see what everyone else is up to. As well as news and updates posted.Keep informed.

Dazzle Xhibitions www.dazzle-exhibitions.com  Great for getting inspiration on other upcoming designers, news and updates about up-cumming exhibitions.

Art Aurea www.artaurea.com Great source of inspiration.

Klimt 02 www.klimt02.net/  Keeping up to date with its regular posts.

New Designers www.newdesigners.com Keeping informed on updates and new exhibitions.

In other discipline:

Crafts Council www.craftscouncil.org.uk/crafts-magazine  Includes blogs,articles.

Textile Source Blog www.textile-blog.com

Design Observer Group http://www.designobserver.com/

Visual Complexity www.visualcomplexity.com/vc/

Design Mind www.designmind.frogdesign.com/



Crime Prevention, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 97-112.Makes the point that although design to prevent burglary,crime their is still a surprising absence of clear-cut evidence that have great concerns for the effectiveness of crime prevention approaches to these problems. Like the use of alarms, neighborhood watch, property-marking to stop burglary doesn't appear as effective as should in able to keep neighbourhood safe and crime prevented. The article then goes on to describe in more detail problems with previous evaluations and randomised experimental design. Good document outlining where the designs are lacking, being under thought.

Photoshop v Illistrator

 

 

 





Vesstle Project

Influenced by the forms and textures of muscles and the sea, I've been working on small delicate vessel designs. I wanted the idea behind the piece to be a vessel container of protection with delicate substances within it. The outside being hard, textured and ragged, like it has been batted about in the sea by the waves, portraying the idea of the outside needing to be so strong in order to protect such precious trinkets that are held inside.

I liked the idea of having a vessel of protection, functioned to hold something precious and sentimental inside, Inside i have placed anythiss crystals used to represent my birth stone and my star Aquarius and it's connection to the sea. The idea of the vessel only being able to be open by whom it belongs to would also be something i would like to look into further, kind of like a lock on a diary very personnel, though made to make you feel good, and be able to remiss.

Outer shell is painted in enamel paint and etched onto revealing rich cooper colour underneath.

Anythiss stones are set with silver, with smooth pearly colour inside .



Functionally open and closes nicely, supported by neat hinge joint.



A deeper thought into Jewellery.

This week I attended a 'making things make Sense' by hazel white  head of the Masters Course at DOJ.

It was really an eye open for me personally as someone studying in the jewellery field. The different approaches to design and her out comes where so different to what i would normally consider being a traditional jewellery piece, and brought up some important aspects to consider and understand when making jewellery.


One of the things that really got me thinking was the point she put across that jewellery should be thought of not only as a nice little trinket used to attach to your body or clothes in order to coordinate, add or dress up your outfit, but be thought of as a designers point of view also. This being think deeper into the thought process of the piece of jewellery you are designing, think deeper on the important key issues of whom the piece is for and if its a certain design for a certain person, then how could this be designed for them.
It is very common that the majority of people , when asked to pick out their most precious piece of jewellery they don't necessary point out the most valuable or flashy, they simply pick the one that has a sentimental value. Like an old piece handed down to them through several generations, kept as a reminder of their passed family and how they lived and once owned and chaired memories with the piece is something i think is truly special. Thinking about it no two of my most cherished pieces of jewellery are two that are money wise worthless, one is a small rope with a collection of simple coloured beads tied with a knot to form a little bracelet, something my little brother surprised me with one day he came home from nursery, and its my most treasured, every time i look at it it takes me back to that moment, i think that's what makes the difference between a piece of beautiful jewellery to a treasured possession, it has the ability to take you back and arise memories and emotions felt.


So I wonder could i take this perspective into my designs as i progress, and be able to bring emotions and memory for people wanting to buy my jewellery in the future.
Another point that Hazel made was that jewellery are 'objects that tell storys' .
I totally agree with her on this one, i for one am a big fan on the narrative of jewellery, i think story telling is another way to provoke viewers like this in the same way.
A successful way of doing this i think is to be able to design a piece of jewellery that does tell a story, but doesn't underline it, meaning the basics to put together into a story are there but it is left in a way in order for the person viewing the piece to put in their own perception and understanding to the piece, keeping the ability to explore your mind wonder open. This is successful in the way that everybody has different life experiences and different understanding from one another, an easy way to have you re own story or sentimental value of the piece, which leads to of course better sales as your able to communicate better with whom look at your work.
One of the examples hazel used was a white wedding ring that was bound by a ting hoop which linked another wedding the ring, the idea behind it was a new wedding ring was bot a few years after the original, of course the owner didn't just want to through away their sentimental wedding band so in stead they are looped together with a hoop symbolising togetherness, another suggestion was that it was a symbol of linking the family together, the small piece resembling the child. The point made was clear everyone has their own interpretation of design.


Below is a brooch piece by the contemporary narrative jeweler jack Cunningham.




Jack CCunningham is a great example of a jeweler who is able to communicate and prompt the viewer to bring there own understanding into a piece. I find narrative jewellery fascinating in the aspect of being able to tell story's as well as being a wearable piece, looking on line and over his website i have found that he doesn't mentioned what exactly his designs mean. I think this could be a deliberate response making the viewer having to make up their own mind on the piece. From my understanding i think this piece is about life and death, 'timelines' shown by the ruler that i think marks out years/time in peoples life, the small hand print of a child and the green plant that has just seeded to me represents life, and growth, and time. The heart also represents to me relationships and family.Of course that's only my quick interpretation, anyone Else's may be completely different.


Below are a few quotes i found interesting on the aspects of narrative.

" I am also interested in the dialogue that is consequently established between the maker – the originator of the artefacts statement, the wearer – the vehicle by which the work is seen, and the viewer – the audience who thereafter engages with the work." Jack Cunningham.




"A piece of jewellery tells us something of the designer maker, who may otherwise remain quite anonymous. It indicates a conscious decision making by the wearer, who then becomes the vehicle whereby a wider audience views the work. For the wearer therefore, there exists the potential to interpret the work through a personal frame of reference. The desire of the wearer to make his or her own personal statement is significant, and enables the wearer to become part of this process of communication with a wider audience. A triangular relationship is formed, maker-wearer-viewer." Jack Cunningham.




His official website if you'd like to have a look for yourself.

http://www.jackcunningham.co.uk/jack_01.html

I am also thinking more about Jewellery in the sense that it has the ability to say something about you, it also has the ability to change how people behave and interact with you. It arises some questions on how people perceive you and accept you. Which leads me on to think does jewellery have an age limit, and is different pieces of jewellery accepted in different places and by different types of people.

 

Like these fashion jewellery pieces,  would an elderly woman be accepted wearing this necklace?.

we accept this image as it is a model on a catwalk that is where the piece belongs so to speak, but could it really be accepted worn outside on the street? maybe not. The better chance of accept ion is if you wore around fashion/jewellery designers at an event etc. Its a shame really why people have so much stereotypical viewers on what belongs where and what isn't acceptable, but however i feel i understand a little more in designing for potential buyers. Not only do i have to go through the thinking process into the design but also need to think about all of these aspects on the potential buyer.

 

Assingment 2, Brain Storming.

One of the tasks I was to do was an exercise on Brainstorming, based on the book 'The Tipping point" .

I did this in a small group along side others from my class, decided to brainstorm  Crime, as we thought it would be a good area where we would be able to get a lot out of. We took some sticky postets and collaborated writing down quick ideas and sticking them on the wall.

Afterward we took some time to discuss what different categories

 the postits would fall under.This was successful in the way in which it made it a easy and effective way to see the bigger picture, was interesting to see the same words appearing, indicates some of crimes bigger issues and the understanding of everyone else being on the same understanding.

 

Below, a finished mind map on crime.

Finishing off by taking into consideration how design could be used to prevent crime. many outcomes where discussed to having campaigns where cards, posters would be designed to advertised, to alarms,locks somehow suddenly design ment a lot in this topic where before hand i was thinking what could design have to do with this?.

Visual Literacy, is seeing beliveing?.

One of the things that  got me thinking in the lecture this week is how much of an impact does Visual  Literacy actually have in our life's. Are we all unaware of the way our minds are being subjected to a particular image, where the visual literacey leads us to subconsciously believe in a lie, a false representation of life or that product?

One of the examples shown in the lecture was a picture of a typical white American cowboy and a red skinned native American Indian . The debate was that on most occurrences, cowboys whether it in books, T.V shows etc , would have a distinctive piece of clothing /something that 'visualy' impacted them as the 'good guy' ,this was normally the 'white hat ' which is said to be a very popular recurring visual images. This suggested good! 'the good guy' so to speak was the American Cowboy, but why?.

Thinking about this has made me wonder how is it we've become so sugective to media thats been put out their, how we take and belive that the white cowboy is 'good' and the Indian 'bad' whithout knowing anything on the subject?. Are we simply listing to what others say before we have even looked into the subject matter at hand our self and gained our own understanding and oppinion, or is it true that visual imagery really does have this big hold on us in a way in some cases we cant control. In times when we are subjected to some kind of image are we unwaveringly being manipulated to what the protrayer has put across,  are we being strung along like puppets, or are we indeed brought up with our own  free will to chose and believe in what we want.



Part 2


OK so I've had some time to think about Visual Literacy and how much it impacts us in day today lives.

I looked up Visual literacy on the Internet and this was one of the quotes i had found on Wikipedia.
"Visual literacy is the ability to interpret, negotiate, and make meaning from information presented in the form of an image. Visual literacy is based on the idea that pictures can be “read” and that meaning can be communicated through a process of reading."

So below, a Cowboy and Indian Image, where Visual Literacy is communicating idea certain message to the viewer reading not words but into the picture.

When i look at this image its clear theirs a sense of good guy bad guy wanting to be prorated, my immediate reaction is to believe that the cowboy is the good, the man in the right.  I started to look closer at the image investigating why this was, the cowboy is like the main character as he is in the very front of the image, his eyes are locked with the viewer with a welcoming, expression, whereas behind him the Indian clearly is being portrayed as the more sinister character, looking at his series stare, he is threatening showing anger savagery looking .like he is about to attack the cowboy,and then they cowboy has to defend and defeat the Indian in order to protect his people etc even though it is the cowboy bearing a weapon.
Its quite surprising the impact in the way images are construed to give you a certain kind of perception even if you don't agree. I think quite the opposite thinking Indians are purely tyring to protect their land in which the American Cowboy invaded and try to take from them. The are seen as uncivilised and often reefed to as savages, when really they are living in piece using the worlds own natural resources in able to live a free honest life using materials that nature gave. Are they really as uncivilised as we say.

This quote was used talking about children's role play, playing the popular game of Cowboys and Indians.

"Cowboys & Indians: remains popular around the world, even though the films, television series, and books that might have been thought to give rise to it have largely fallen from prominence. This gives an insight into the child's perception of good and evil."

Suggesting again that films and televisions the images seen and portrayed have such an impact that the children believe that their is one good and one evil. Where instead of children being educated, the media are telling them how to react and what to believe in.

The Law of The Few. Bibliography

The Law of The Few

p30	Fisher. D.H 1994. Paul Revere's Ride, Oxford University Press New York. When stable boy tells silversmith Paul Revere what he overheard British officer saying. “Hell to pay tomorrow” Revere and Joseph Warren are convinced British were on their way to Concord, to seize ammunition. They were convinced by several rumors that got traveled around that day.
p34	Milgram. S 1967. 'The Small World Problem' Psychology Today,vol.1,pp.60-67. Problem: How are human beings connected?. Chain letter test. Milgram got the names of 160 people living in Omaha , mailed each of them a parcel which included the name and address of a stockbroker who worked in Boston and lived in Sharon. He told them to write their name on the parcel and send it to a friend or someone they thought would get the parcel to stoke broker. The parcels reached the stockbroker in five or six steps 'Six degrees of separation'.
	Kochen. M 1989. The Small World, Ablex Publishing Corp, Norwood, New Jersey.
p35	Werner. C & Parmelee P 1979. 'Similarity of Activity Preferences Among friends: Those Who Play Together Stay Together' Social Psychology Quarterly,vol.42,no.1,pp.62-66. Dyckman public housing project, study showing people tend to chose friends at a similar age and race , live in the same area.
p47	Tjaden. B. The Oracle of Bacon at Virginia, University of Virginia computer science department. www.cs.virgina.edu/oracle/. Figured out the average Bacon number was fir the quarter million actors/actresses who had played in television films or major pictiors -2.8312 steps. Anyone who has ever acted was averaging at under 3 steps. But must take in to account actor who has played in many movies but is not well connected takes a lot more steps than actor in less movies but is very well connected. Making the point that knowing the right and vast amount of people makes a difference being known and successful.
p53	Granovetter. M 1995. Getting a Job, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Interviewed several hundred professionals workers in Boston about their employment history. The biggest percentage (56%) was people that gained a job through personnel connections. The strength of week ties. Getting jobs from our acquaintances not your friends. Learning more.
p6o	Inman. J.J & McAlisterr L & Hoyer W.D 1990. 'Promotion Signal:Proxy for a Price Cut?' Journal of Consumer Research,vol.17,pp.74-81. The power of marketplaces in their manipulation of customers. If they decide they want a certain item of stalk sold, it is quite easy to do this by 'Sticking on a promotional sticker in front of it' saying something suggestive like Everyday Low Price. This easily grabs the shoppers attention and in a way manipulates them into buying the project even if they don't need it or weren't set out to buy that particular item. The customer convinces their self to buy it subconsciously by telling themselves that its a bargin, worth the money, and in some cases put their self under a little pressure by thinking they need to get it just now because it wont be on sale next week,next time their able to get out. As market very easily and often tend to use certain phrases like 'limited sale', 'hurry whilst stalk last.
61	Price.L & Feick L.F 1987. 'The market Marven: A Diffuser of Marketplace Information' Journal of Marketing,vol.51,pp.83-97. Price Vigilantes, Market Marven's. These people look out for the stores that pull the sale stunt to often

	Higie. R.A & Feick L.F & Price L.L 1987. 'Types and Amount of Word-of-Mouth Communication About Retailers' Journal of retailing,vol.63,no.3,pp.260-278.
	Price. L.L & Feick F.L & Guskey A 1995. 'Everyday Market Helping Behavior' Journal of Public Policy and Marketing,vol.14,no.2,pp.225-266.
p74	Mullen. B 1986. 'Newscasters, facial expressions and voting behavior of viewers: Can a smile elect a President?' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,vol.51,pp.291-295. Examination of 2and a half second long , 37tapes with no sound. Study facial expressions mannerisms. Mark them out of a score how happy or sad they where thought to be. Found 'significant and noticeable bias in facial expression'.
p77	Wells. G.L & Petty R.E 1980. 'The Effects of Overt Head Movements on Persuasion' Basic and Applied Social Psychology,vol.1,no.3,pp.219-230. Three sets of groups of students Given a headset s and listened to music, one lot stayed still, other shook head side to side , the other kn oded head up and down continuously. After the music they were asked how much they thought was an appropriate droller amount for undergraduate tuition per year. Amount $587 to $750 . Students with head still answered $582 guessing appropriate. Students shook side to side, who thought testing headphone quality answered $467 a lot less. Students moving head up and down risen to $646 because of the simple act of moving their heads up and down.
p81	Condon. W.S 1982. 'Cultural 'Microrhythms' M. Davis, Interaction Rhythms: Periodicity in Communicative Behavior, Human Sciences Press, New York,pp.53-76. Attention to decode a four-and-a-half-second segment of film. Where a woman says to a man and a child over dinner 'you all should come around every night'. Broken down the film . The woman moves with the man, movements synchronize. Conversation rhythmical patterns, in harmony with each other.
p84	Hatfield. E & Cacioppo J.T & Rapson R.L 1994. Emotional Contagion, Cambridge University Press. Sal semen building up a level of trust to be more successful..
p85	Friedman. H 1980. 'Understanding and Assessing Nonverbal Expressiveness: The Affective Communication Test' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,vol.39,no.2,pp.333-351. Emotional contagiousness. 13 questions scored high low. Put into room finding the lower scorers having to pick up the moods of the higher scorers.
	Friedman. H & Riggio R 1981. 'Effect of Individual Differences in Nonverbal Expressiveness on Transmission of Emotion' Journal of Nonverbal Behavior,vol.6,pp.96-104.

Mind mapping

So one of my first task in my design studies was to read and create a mind map on the book
 "The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference"by Malcolm Gladwell'.

Reading this book has really made my mind go,theirs been so much left to think about.  Ive enjoyed reading it, it isn't a book i would normally choose to read but saying that I'm glad i have, it's given me more of a general knowledge and an understanding in how epidemics works.
Where a simple small every day to day change which may seem irrelevant at the time can lead to a more dramatic change, knows as the 'Tipping point'. And how people that know massive amounts of people are able to form connection links and connect others together creating new allies and acquaintances of others. That can lead to new opportunities for e.g businesses being able to spread a name, 'fashion' able to spread the world of a new fashion designer through their many  connections (word of mouth).

My 2nd mind map i looked at the "Law of the few". The Law of the few is when epidemics is controlled by a handful of people with large connections. Ive never really thought about it until know, how anyone could influence someone simply by word of mouth. Like when you go see a movie that you've enjoyed and then recommend it to a Friend, having that close connection/relationship means they are most likely go and see that movie recommended by you, or at the very least would deeply consider going .
This happens the same with restraints, like i never realised until know that most of the restaurants i go to have been at some point firstly recommended to me by a Friend or a family member etc, and because of my good relationship with these persons i am usually really keen to try them out, especially if they tell me how great it is. So I go enjoy it and then keep revisiting that same restaurant making it one of my regular eating out places. Then I go on to tell a few of my Friends/family, who then to go to the restaurant,enjoy it and then go on to tell someone they know who will then go on to tell someone they no and so on and on. And before you know it their are a wide selected variety of people that go to that restaurant, people who you don't necessary no but some way down the line knew someone who knew your Friend who told your mum who told you about the restaurant etc. So if looked for e.g 100 people who went t o this restaurant and broken the communication links down, and trace back to who had recommended you would find certain domanant names that keep appearing over and over again, these are the more impotent of people in influencing epidemics, the 'connectors'.

Connectors are the ones that can make a great shift 'tip' but also other factors can make the difference as well like advertising. It enables the difference between an  o.k movie to the MASSIVE 5star sellout! Movies like these often instantly go strait into charts/ be double booked even before they have even properly came out in the cinema . Because of word of mouth, lots of high up people involved in movie tell more high up people who know hundreds of other high up people etc. This often happens to films that have already a great following before the movie has even been realised. Like for instance the sex and the city movies, they are more than likely to be big sell outs, even before knowing a single thing about what the movies are about, it sells!. All you need to know is  that its "Sex and the city" . Because it is already known about, their is a huge public interest as it has related seasons already seen on T.V, DVD and have already gained a massive reputation from some parts all over the world .Same with books that get realised and made into a film in cinemas. Like i remember being in school where my primary 5 teacher would have us sit on the carpet as she read out chapters of the harry potter and the philosophers stone book, no one knew or had even heard of harry before. Then a few years down the line and a few books later, harry potter gathers a huge collection of worldwide fans. Spread by word of mouth, how many school teachers read that book to a class of say 20 who then went on to tell a few of their Friends each who told their Friends etc. So its no surprise the movie is well known before it has even came out and  really its all down to people socializing and the the connections they have with and to other people.


I apologize for babbling I tend to do that when trying to get my thoughts onto a page like this., Anyway I found the exercise fun, I did have the minor problem of  taking the picture of the mind maps, as my camera has decided to quite on me, so I've have had to use the camera on my phone which doesn't exactly take the greatest picture. But as soon as I can I'll get a better one up! I really enjoyed the mind mapping ,found it a bit confusing at first but once I jotted all my notes down, gathered them together and organized them so  knew what i was writing, it was a lot easier.